Expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and fibroblast growth factor 2 during bone regeneration using different implant meterials as an onlay bone graft in rabbit mandibles

取得学位 : 博士（医学）, 学位授与番号 : 医博甲第1806号, 学位授与年月日 : 平成18年9月28日, 学位授与大学 : 金沢大学, 主査教授 : 山本 悦秀, 副査教授 : 富田 勝郎, 古川

Cryogenic Memory Technologies

The surging interest in quantum computing, space electronics, and superconducting circuits has led to new developments in cryogenic data storage technology. Quantum computers promise to far extend our processing capabilities and may allow solving currently intractable computational challenges. Even with the advent of the quantum computing era, ultra-fast and energy-efficient classical computing systems are still in high demand. One of the classical platforms that can achieve this dream combination is superconducting single flux quantum (SFQ) electronics. A major roadblock towards implementing scalable quantum computers and practical SFQ circuits is the lack of suitable and compatible cryogenic memory that can operate at 4 Kelvin (or lower) temperature. Cryogenic memory is also critically important in space-based applications. A multitude of device technologies have already been explored to find suitable candidates for cryogenic data storage. Here, we review the existing and emerging variants of cryogenic memory technologies. To ensure an organized discussion, we categorize the family of cryogenic memory platforms into three types: superconducting, non-superconducting, and hybrid. We scrutinize the challenges associated with these technologies and discuss their future prospects.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures, 1 tabl

Compact Model of a Topological Transistor

The precession of a ferromagnet leads to the injection of spin current and heat into an adjacent non-magnetic material. Besides, spin-orbit entanglement causes an additional charge current injection. Such a device has been recently proposed where a quantum-spin hall insulator (QSHI) in proximity to a ferromagnetic insulator (FI) and superconductor (SC) leads to the pumping of charge, spin, and heat. Here we build a circuit-compatible Verilog-A-based compact model for the QSHI-FI-SC device capable of generating two topologically robust modes enabling the device operation. Our model also captures the dependence on the ferromagnetic precision, drain voltage, and temperature with an excellent (> 99%) accuracy

CMOS-based Single-Cycle In-Memory XOR/XNOR

Big data applications are on the rise, and so is the number of data centers. The ever-increasing massive data pool needs to be periodically backed up in a secure environment. Moreover, a massive amount of securely backed-up data is required for training binary convolutional neural networks for image classification. XOR and XNOR operations are essential for large-scale data copy verification, encryption, and classification algorithms. The disproportionate speed of existing compute and memory units makes the von Neumann architecture inefficient to perform these Boolean operations. Compute-in-memory (CiM) has proved to be an optimum approach for such bulk computations. The existing CiM-based XOR/XNOR techniques either require multiple cycles for computing or add to the complexity of the fabrication process. Here, we propose a CMOS-based hardware topology for single-cycle in-memory XOR/XNOR operations. Our design provides at least 2 times improvement in the latency compared with other existing CMOS-compatible solutions. We verify the proposed system through circuit/system-level simulations and evaluate its robustness using a 5000-point Monte Carlo variation analysis. This all-CMOS design paves the way for practical implementation of CiM XOR/XNOR at scaled technology nodes.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, 1 tabl

Cryogenic Neuromorphic Hardware

The revolution in artificial intelligence (AI) brings up an enormous storage and data processing requirement. Large power consumption and hardware overhead have become the main challenges for building next-generation AI hardware. To mitigate this, Neuromorphic computing has drawn immense attention due to its excellent capability for data processing with very low power consumption. While relentless research has been underway for years to minimize the power consumption in neuromorphic hardware, we are still a long way off from reaching the energy efficiency of the human brain. Furthermore, design complexity and process variation hinder the large-scale implementation of current neuromorphic platforms. Recently, the concept of implementing neuromorphic computing systems in cryogenic temperature has garnered intense interest thanks to their excellent speed and power metric. Several cryogenic devices can be engineered to work as neuromorphic primitives with ultra-low demand for power. Here we comprehensively review the cryogenic neuromorphic hardware. We classify the existing cryogenic neuromorphic hardware into several hierarchical categories and sketch a comparative analysis based on key performance metrics. Our analysis concisely describes the operation of the associated circuit topology and outlines the advantages and challenges encountered by the state-of-the-art technology platforms. Finally, we provide insights to circumvent these challenges for the future progression of research

Superconducting Heater Cryotron-Based Reconfigurable Logic Towards Cryogenic IC Camouflaging

Superconducting electronics are among the most promising alternatives to conventional CMOS technology thanks to the ultra-fast speed and ultra-high energy efficiency of the superconducting devices. Having a cryogenic control processor is also a crucial requirement for scaling the existing quantum computers up to thousands of qubits. Despite showing outstanding speed and energy efficiency, Josephson junction-based circuits suffer from several challenges such as flux trapping leading to limited scalability, difficulty in driving high impedances, and so on. Three-terminal cryotron devices have been proposed to solve these issues which can drive high impedances (>100 k{\Omega}) and are free from any flux trapping issue. In this work, we develop a reconfigurable logic circuit using a heater cryotron (hTron). In conventional approaches, the number of devices to perform a logic operation typically increases with the number of inputs. However, here, we demonstrate a single hTron device-based logic circuit that can be reconfigured to perform 1-input copy and NOT, 2-input AND and OR, and 3-input majority logic operations by choosing suitable biasing conditions. Consequently, we can perform any processing task with a much smaller number of devices. Also, since we can perform different logic operations with the same circuit (same layout), we can develop a camouflaged system where all the logic gates will have the same layout. Therefore, this proposed circuit will ensure enhanced hardware security against reverse engineering attacks.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure

Effect of age on immediate postoperative tissue reaction following surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molar

Background: Postoperative morbidity following third molar surgery is affected by a number of factors. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of age on immediate postoperative tissue reactions following mandibular impacted third molar surgery. Objectives: To assess the discomforts after impacted mandibular third molar extraction in different aged patient. Methods: 100 patients, 54 Female and 46 male, aged 18 to 42 years comprised the study materials. Tooth extrac­tion was performed with buccal guttering technique after adequate elevation and reflection of full thickness mucoperiosteal flap. Pain, swelling and trismus were evaluated preoperatively and on 2nd POD and 7th POD. Data was processed and analyzed using SPSS and was compiled and test of significance was done using Chi square (x2) test and un-paired 't' test. Results: Statistical analysis of the data indicated that pain and swelling was significantly less and significant maximum mouth opening was achieved in early aged patient than late age when preoperative and postoperative results were compared. Conclusion: As postoperative immediate tissue reactions are more in late aged patient than younger so impacted mandibular third molar should extract in early age

Outcome of surgically resected mandibular ameloblastoma

Ameloblastoma is a slowly growing locally invasive benign tumor of the jaw. Only account for 1% of all tumors of maxillofacial region and 11% of all odontogenic tumors. The Aim of the study was to establis

Machine Learning-powered Compact Modeling of Stochastic Electronic Devices using Mixture Density Networks

The relentless pursuit of miniaturization and performance enhancement in electronic devices has led to a fundamental challenge in the field of circuit design and simulation: how to accurately account for the inherent stochastic nature of certain devices. While conventional deterministic models have served as indispensable tools for circuit designers, they fall short when it comes to capture the subtle yet critical variability exhibited by many electronic components. In this paper, we present an innovative approach that transcends the limitations of traditional modeling techniques by harnessing the power of machine learning, specifically Mixture Density Networks (MDNs), to faithfully represent and simulate the stochastic behavior of electronic devices. We demonstrate our approach to model heater cryotrons, where the model is able to capture the stochastic switching dynamics observed in the experiment. Our model shows 0.82% mean absolute error for switching probability. This paper marks a significant step forward in the quest for accurate and versatile compact models, poised to drive innovation in the realm of electronic circuits